![]() Now that we have defined these terms let us now view visual examples of these terms so that they make more sense. A text block may be formatted (or justified) to be evenly flush (align) right and unevenly aligned (ragged) on the left. Last but not least, rags can be defined as the imbalanced alignment of text lines. Rivers are particularly common in narrow columns of text, where the type size is relatively large. ![]() Third, rivers (or text rivers) are the white gaps (or white space) that can appear in columns of type (especially justified text), when there is too much space between words on consecutive lines of text. Orphans can result in too much white space between paragraphs or at the bottom of a page. The problems arise as soon as we start trying to simply define the words. In addition, it can be a word, part of a word, or very short line that appears by itself at the end of a paragraph. As Roger Black states in his pioneering work, Desktop Design Power (Random House, 1990, out of print) Widows are the surest sign of sloppy typesetting. Second, orphans (which are often confused with widows) are paragraph-opening lines that appear by themselves itself at the bottom of a page/column. ![]() ![]() First, widows are paragraph-closing lines which were pushed to the next page/column and left dangling and separated from the rest of the paragraph. ![]()
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